Cold War
KEY : 俄美/势力/政治，经济，国际利益分歧/关系紧张/没有正面冲突/其他计划在隐秘进行
After the
end of 2nd World War, emergence of US of Russia as world powers. Difference
in political system, economy &national interest caused strained
relationship –Cold War. ‘Term Cold War’ used by American reporters in 1948 to
describe the strained relationship between US & Russia. Although there was
no direct military clash, the period was marked by military coalitions, arms
race deployment of troops, espionage, proxy wars, propaganda and technological
competition. Europe was divided into the Eastern (communist)& western (democratic)
Bloc.
Source of Cold War.
民主资本VS 社会共产/
Political
and socioeconomic differences. In US, there is a democracy and belongs
human rights capitalist economy and also free from state intervention. In Russia,
socialist government based on communist ideology nationalization of economy.
克里米亚/ 选举/ 列宁介绍共产/ 美国在东欧进行选举/ 俄罗斯以结仇威胁/ 协议失败/关系恶化/
Differences
arising from Yalta & Postdam conferences. In 1945 Feb, Yalta
(Crimea) Roosevelt, Stalin & Winston Churchill decided to hold elections in
territories under Russian occupation. This was because Stalin wanted to
introduce communism in these countries to ensure security of Russia. At the
Potsdam conferences (1945) US demanded free elections in the east European
countries. Stalin refused on grounds these countries would form anti-Russian
governments. So no agreement was reached. This caused strained relationship.
美反对暴力组织的政府/ 铁幕/东德西德/ 划分欧洲/ 美助土耳其希腊对付共产/ 美实行marshall plan/ 资助二战后的西欧/ NATO组成/ 对付俄/ 华沙/ 苏联及东欧/
Major developments during Cold War. May 1945 President Truman (President
America) ended aid to Russia. US refused to recognize government formed by
force against people’s will. March 1946 churchill informed ‘Iron Curtain’
across Europe. The Iron Curtain was the physical boundary dividing
Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the
end of the Cold War in 1991. 1947 US gave financial & military aid
to Greece & Turkey to shore support against communism. Truman Doctrine 1947 promised aid as
a means to combat communism. 1947 – Marshall plan was introduced to western
European countries (aid). By 1948 Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary &
Czechoslovakia had communist governments. 1949 Germany divided into East &
West. In April 1949, US & eleven western European countries formed the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). These were Britain, France, Canada,
Portugal, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg & Iceland. NATO
was formed to help one another in the event of a war against Russia . In
reaction, communist countries in Europe under Russia formed the Warsaw Pact
(Poland) in May 1955 .These include USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
East Germany, Poland, Hungary & Romania
远东进展/ 中国加入共产/ 毛泽东VS国民党蒋介石/ 南韩北韩/ 古巴危机/越战/
Developments
in the Far East (In Asia). 1949 China joined the communist Bloc after
the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai Shek was overthrown by Mao Tze Tung. 1950
Korean War broke out with Russia & China supporting North Korea & US
supporting South Korea. It ended in 1953 with the Korea peninsula split into 2
Koreas – North & South. In 1964, the Vietnam War began with Soviet Union
& China supporting North Vietnam the US supporting South Vietnam. Ended in
1975. 1954 South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was formed to check the
spread of communism. 1962 US & Russia came close to nuclear war over Cuba. Russia
had supplied nuclear arms to Fider Castro of Cuba. Kennedy demanded withdrawal
of nuclear arms. Kruscher agreed to withdraw on condition US does not attack
Cuba
In
conclusion, During Cold War, US & Russia avoided open confrontation o Both
powers however continued their national interest through other
means-subversion, spying, propaganda etc. Cold War came to an end in Nov 1990
with the establishment of a more transparent communist government in Russia
under Mikhail Gorbacher
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